Research on the Cognitive Moral Development Theories of...

Running head: PIAGET KOHLBERG RESEARCH ON THE COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORIES OF JEAN PIAGET LAWRENCE KOHLBERG DONNA O. O CONNOR INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF THE CARIBBEAN ABSTRACT The intention of this paper is to provide an overview of the psychological theories of Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg. While Piaget s perspective was psychological, Kholberg s viewpoint was psychological with emphasis placed on moral development and both theories will be compared and contrasted in this paper. Furthermore, the implications of these theories for counselling will be examined. RESEARCH ON THE COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORIES OF JEAN PIAGET LAWRENCE KOHLBERG JEAN PIAGET Jean Piaget, Swiss biologist, philosopher, and†¦show more content†¦Humans also have a biological drive to obtain balance or equilibrium between the schemes and the environment and this is what drives the adaptation. Infants are born with schema operating at birth, which are called reflexes, which are used to adapt to the environment. These reflexes are soon replaced with constructed schemata, which are used throughout life as the person adapts to the environment. Piaget s first stage is the sensorimotor stage, which lasts from birth to about two years. Intelligence at this point is based on physical and motor activity without the use of symbols. Hence the child uses mobility, crawling, and walking to facilitate knowledge. The child s progress is visible through the modification of reflexes in response to the environment. It is at this stage that the child learns object permanence, understanding that objects continue to exist even though they cannot be seen. The end of the stage is manifested in the immature use of symbols and language development that signals the transition to the second stage (Morris and Maisto, 2008). The preoperational stage is the second stage and lasts from age two to about age seven. Intelligence is demonstrated at this stage through the use of symbols, particularly the development of language. Memory and imagination are developed and children are able to mentally represent objects andShow MoreRelatedMoral And Social Developments Of Children1337 Words   |  6 PagesThe moral and social developments of children in their first years of life are critical. Children go through many stages that influence their lives such as family, school, friends and technologic or the media. During infancy, children learn from the people around them to recognize the good and bad in this way begin to form their idea of morality. Researchers like as Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg carefully studied moral reasoning of children and girls. Both agree that moral development progressesRead MoreJean Piaget And Lawrence Kohlberg892 Words   |  4 PagesAs you aged, did you ever notice that your unders tanding of right and wrong principles changed? According to psychologists Jean Piaget and Lawrence Kohlberg it should have. Individually the two psychologists have made remarkable discoveries on how children develop and use their moral development. Jean Piaget, grew up in Switzerland in the late 1890’s and early 1900’s with his father, who was a dedicated historian. Around Paget’s early twenties he had the privilege of working with many influentialRead MoreKohlberg : Theory Of Moral Development997 Words   |  4 PagesLawrence Kohlberg: Theory of Moral Development Lawrence Kohlberg was a well known psychologist best known for his thorough research into the development and better understanding of the processes needed to grow into a well developed human being. Kohlberg grew up in New York City on October 25, 1927. Growing up in such a diverse area is what struck his interest in the development of all beings. In only one short year he received his bachelors degree and then went on to devote his career to study theRead MoreOutlining Two Theories of Development Essay1288 Words   |  6 PagesTheories of child development have been researched and published over the years. These researches have been done by popular theorists four of whom are Piaget (1896 –1980), Vygotsky (1896 –1934), Ausubel (1918 –2008) and Kohlberg (1927 –1987). First and foremost let me define the term theory. A theory is a collection of related statements; the principal function of which is to summarize and explain observations. It is in a sense an invention designed to make sense of what we know or suspect. DevelopmentalRead MoreJoan Eriksons Stages Of Psychosocial Development792 Words   |  4 PagesEriksons stages of psychosocial development, as articulated by Erik Erikson, in collaboration with Joan Erikson,[1] is a comprehensive psychoanalytic theory that identifies a series of eight stages, in which a healthy developing individual should pass through from infancy to late adulthood. All stages are present at birth but only begin to unfold according to both a natural scheme and ones ecological and cultural upbringing. In each stage, the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challengesRead MoreFreud s Theory Of Sexual Development1652 Words   |  7 Pagesimpulses and persuading the ego to do the moral thing. When a child is born the id is all that is present until later in their development stages when the ego and superego is later developed (Freud, 1923). Once the child is able to repress their id and allows their superego to take over then the moral development ensues. Anthony: Can you explain your theory of sexual development in children? Freud: Yes I can. There are five stages in sexual development of children. The first stage happens from 0-1Read MoreLawrence Kohlberg s Levels Of Morality1422 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: LAWRENCE KHOLBERG’S LEVELS OF MORALITY Lawrence Kohlberg’s Levels of Morality And How We Can Relate Ourselves to his Theory Sarah Blasco Tri-County Technical College LAWRENCE KOHLBERG’S LEVELS OF MORALITY Abstract This purpose of this is to describe Kohlberg’s theory of morality in detail; I will describe each level that pertains to this theory and how they have affected me personally. Lawrence Kohlberg theory of moral development is dividedRead MoreMy Brother Isaiah Thomas And The Stages Of Moral Development By Kohlberg1407 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is a theory? Well, a theory is an assumption or accepted facts that provides logical and rational explanation to a cause and effect relationships among a group being observed (Theory). In other words, a reason or thought that someone has created a response to a topic but, it can’t be proven or disprove. Included in this paper is a discussion about three theorist Piaget, Vygotsky, and Kohlberg along with their beliefs. I have chosen my brother Isaiah Thomas to compare and contrast the theoriesRead MoreKohlberg s Theory Of Moral Development And Moral Maturity Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Lawrence Kohlberg (1927–1987) is the pioneer of the theory of stages of moral development and participated actively in the development of the fields of moral psychology and moral education. Kohlberg was especially inspired by Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist who created the theory of cognitive development. Mark Baldwin, John Dewey, and George Herbert Mead also influenced his thinking (Barger, 2000; Encyclopedia of Education, 2002). In this paper, I will analyze in-depth Kohlberg’s theory andRead MoreFreuds Theory of Psychosexual Development Essay1779 Words   |  8 PagesThere have been numerous developments of psychology thanks to the magnificent works of Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, and Sigmund Freud. Each discovery has its own point of view; Piaget’s theory of Cognitive Development point was made for parents and teachers challenge the childs abilities, Kohlberg’s theory of Moral Development was based on the understandings of moral concepts such as justice, rights, equality and human welfare. The Freuds Theory of Psychosexual Development centered on the effects

The s Equations Of The Universe - 1401 Words

Isaac Newton, famous for his equations of the forces of the universe, has been put to the test by Einstein himself. Although Newton has found the numbers and equations to describe gravity and the way nature is, he has not figured out how it really works. Einstein noticed this, and learned that space, gravity, and time work together like a Spiral Wishing Well. He says that space is flat with no matter, but when there is matter, like the earth, the fabric of space warps and curves. One must imagine the hole of the Spiral Wishing Well as the earth and the penny rotating around it is like the moon to see how space warps and how the medium that affects gravity is space itself. With this in mind, many other theorists and physicists began†¦show more content†¦After this discovery, many started to ask where are these other dimensions? A man named Oskar Klein found a way to answer this question in 1926. He stated the dimensions come in two different kinds. One is the dimension s we see with our own eyes, and the others are tiny, minuscule curled up dimensions that we cannot see. This idea reveals that deeply tucked in the fabric of space itself, there could be other dimensions. In result, the theory called the Superstring theory was discovered. Superstring theory tries to describe the basic and fundamental components that make up everything in the world around us. The idea can be described by looking at an object such as a pencil and trying to find out what its made of. When one looks deeply, there are atoms, and then electrons and protons, and then finally quarks. This is where conventional ideals stop. However, due to Superstring theory, there are actually more past quarks. Deep inside these particles, there is a dancing thread of energy. It looks like a vibrating string on a guitar and can also vibrate in different patterns just like guitar strings do. They do not make musical notes, instead, they produce the different particles making up the world around us. If these ideals are right, this is what the tiny, microscopic landscape of the universe looks like. It is made up of a large amount of minuscule fibers of vibrating energy that vibrate in various frequencies. TheseShow MoreRelatedScientific View of Creation and the Big Bang Essay1449 Words   |  6 Pagesby most scientists as the explanation of the beginning of the universe. The big bang theory suggests that the universe was once extremely compact, dense, and hot. Some uncommon event, a cosmic explosion called the big bang, occurred about 10 billion to 20 billion years ago, and the universe has since been expanding and cooling. The theory is based on mathematical equations, known as the field equations. These equations come from the general theory of relativity, established in 1915Read MoreThes Equations Of The Universe1749 Words   |  7 PagesIsaac Newton, famous for his equations of the forces of the universe, has been put to the test by Einstein himself. Although Newton has found the numbers and equations to describe gravity and the way nature is, he has not figured out how it really works. Einstein noticed this, and learned that space, gravity, and time work together like a Spiral Wishing Well. He says that space is flat with no matter, but when there is matter, like the earth, the fabric of space warps and curves. One must imagineRead MoreThe Objectivity Of The Enlightenment1156 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough Thomasina’s equation. â€Å"Each week I plot your equations dot for dot, x’s against y’s in all manner of algebraical relation, and every week they draw themselves as commonplace geometry, as if the world of forms were nothing but arcs and angles. God s truth, Septimus, if there is an equation for a curve like a bell, there must be an equation for one like a bluebell, and if a bluebell, why not a rose?†(Stoppard, 37). Thomasina’s ultimate goal is not to find a mathematical equation that expressesRead MoreThe Ontological Argument Made By Anselm1365 Words   |  6 PagesThe ontological argument made by Anselm was criticized by one of his contemporaries, a monk named Gaunilo, who said, that by Anselm s reasoning, one could imagine a certain island, more perfect than any other island, tf this island can exist in the mind, then according to Anselm, it would necessarily exist in reality, for a perfect island would have this quality. But this is obviously false; we cannot make things exist merely by imagining them. Anselm replied, upholding his argument by sayingRead MoreScience Fiction : Extraterrestrial Life1601 Words   |  7 Pagesreal world. 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Male and Female Communication Styles

Question: 1.What impact does this have on workplace communication and interaction? 2.Do our communication styles differ depending on our personal and professional environments?3.Do your personal workplace experiences either align or contradict the research outcomes? Discuss. Answer: 1. Diversification in communication styles between men and women is advantageous, as research has shown. The availability of diverse knowledge and concepts among the women and men is positive due to the presentation of various forms of creativity through presentation of challenging issues (Ivanovo Werner, 2010). The presentation of many cases to be resolved at the work places widens the scope of reasoning among the people at the work place. Nonetheless, the differences in the communication styles often results in arguments and misunderstanding where different perceptions on the gender difference takes charge. The women are shown to communicate differently as per their behavioral makeup while the men who are assertive, also would want to communicate in their own ways, these differences often result into assumptions that a certain gender is better in communication than the other one (Ivanovo Werner, 2010). The differences at the workplace often are a motivating factor that recognizes the personality differences which often encourages innovations and application of various skills to accomplish diverse roles. The differences also bring about the balance in the communication styles in which both genders come to recognize their weakness and strengths. The presence of the stereotypical reasoning among the members of the workplace shall be eliminated through the presentation of various skills and abilities, which often are shown through the various forms of interpersonal differences. Thus, the differences are positive and need to be embraced (Reeder, 2005). 2. The communication styles differ depending on our personal and professional environments because the presence of the rules and laws of the work place often dictate the forms of communication styles (United States Department of Labor (DOL): Employee Benefits Security Administration (EBSA), 2013). People are expected to communicate officially and effectively in the official environments and act responsibly, this often require that the parties communicate differently to maintain their interpersonal relations. The informal communication style where people communicate in the language of their choice and involve jokes is often shown to be acceptable in the informal environments. It is expected that people communicate well and maintain their official state at the workplaces so as to ensure that services are of quality and meet the standards of the work. In this environment people are requires to communicate in the official languages have a tendency of avoiding personal exposs, particularly if it proposes susceptibility or weakness in their communication styles (Schneider, 2007). These people are required to avoid revealing their emotions and feelings but have the emotional intelligence to effectively communicate their issues. In the professional environment are shown to communicate differently from those outside the professional environment. Professionals behave in the formal ways and maintain the same in the communication styles. These individuals communicate effectively and use proper argumentative skills in their communication styles. The use of an interpret smile as a "passionate" reply. The people are expected to meet the professional standards of behavi ng formerly and responsibly. The professional requirement expect that these people realize their differences and are able to act in a more responsible and formal manner. The self-identity is an influential problem-solving, discovering evidences and signifying solutions. The people who are not in the professional environment often behave and communicate differently in their choices of the language and behaviors (Von, Wiryakusuma, Bowden Shochet, 2011). 3.My personal workplace experience aligns with the research outcomes. It is true that the various forms of communication differences are often influenced by the environments that the communications are taking place (Wood, 2012). The personality differences often are the reasons for the availability of the communication differences among the people. Workplaces need to have diversifications in the communication styles to promote understanding realization of our weaknesses. It is true according to the research outcomes because my experience at the workplace is a clear indication of the commination styles in which I have come to indulge in various communication styles based on the environment (Wood, 2012). References Ivanovo, M., Werner, P. D. (2010). Behavioral communication: Individual differences in communication style. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(1), 1923. Lieberman, S. (n.d.). Differences in male and female communication styles. Retrieved from https://www.simmalieberman.com/articles/maleandfemale.html Reeder, H. M. (2005). Exploring male-female communication: Three lessons on gender. The Journal of School Health, 75(3), 115117. Schneider, J. D. (2007). Effect of gender-related communication differences and awareness of gender-related communication barriers on communication effectiveness. (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. (Order No. 2359648, CapellaUniversity). United States Department of Labor (DOL): Employee Benefits Security Administration (EBSA). (2013). ERISA advisory council report: Successful plan communications for various population segments. Retrieved from https://www.dol.gov/ebsa/publications/2013ACreport1.html Von, H. C., Wiryakusuma, C., Bowden, J., Shochet, M. (January 01, 2011). Stereotype Threat and Female Communication Styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 10, 1312-1324. Wood, J. T. (2012). Gendered lives: Communication, gender, and culture (10th ed.). Beverly, MA: Wadsworth.